India came up with step-by-step efforts for advanced space
exploration missions. India has been interested in space projects since the
1920s. At that time, they were interested in exploring the upper layer of our
atmosphere and cosmos rays.
By 1947, Indian scientists started projects to find more
data about cosmic radiations, and neutrinos. In various projects, they were
able to go to Kolar Gold Mines, the heaviest mine on earth, and find data about
neutrinos. They also worked to obtain upper atmosphere data by air balloons.
Mr. Wikram Sarabayi, who is known as the father of the Indian space project, led a large number of these types of projects. Under these conditions, the Indian government established the Indian National Committee of Space Research in 1962, which later became ISTRO - Indian Space Research Organization in 1969.
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In 1975, India launched its first satellite, Ariyabaatha,
using the Russian-made Cosmos 3M rocket. The reason for this can be attributed
to the fact that India does not have a rocket of its own. From that they are
inspired to produce rockets as their product. As a result, they started a
project in 1972 to produce a rocket called SLV-Satellite Launch Vehicle. Dr.
Abdul Kalam was the director of the SLV project. Dr. Abdul Kalam is also known
as the missile man. In 1977, a satellite named Rohini tried to enter space for
the first time, but it failed. But they did not stop their efforts and again,
in 1980, they were able to successfully put the satellite called Rohini into orbit.
Today, India has many types of rockets manufactured in its
own country.
For examples;
- · SLV
- · ASLV
- · PSLV
- · GSLV
Scientists launched the Chandrayaan 01 mission in 2008
because they have rockets capable of carrying a large payload. With this, they
produced a spacecraft to successfully orbit the moon and successfully orbit it.
Also, this probe had an impact lander. An impact lander collides with an object
without a soft landing and gathers information around it in a few moments.
In addition, as a result of improving these rockets, Indians
were able to successfully send a probe to Mars and successfully orbit it. The
name of the probe is Mangalyaan. They were able to get the honor of the world
as the first country to successfully send a probe to Mars in the first attempt.
The Chandrayaan 02 mission was also started by ISRO in 2019.
This mission included a lander to soft land the probe on the lunar surface and
a rover to explore the lunar surface. However, this failed.